Covert Racism in America Essay - 1109 Words

Covert Racism in America Racism is still a very current issue in America today. By no means is racism as overt as it was fifty years ago with enforced segregation, but today racism is more covert and often hides behind closed doors to only strike out when least expected. Racism has been deceasing and will continue to be decreased only through education. Hopefully, one day racism will cease to exist. But, that day if possible is many years away. Racism still exists in America today. This is a very verifiable fact for it is estimated that currently in the United States there exists 751 active hate groups that espouse racism and hate based on a persons race, ethnicity, or religion (Southern Poverty Law Center, 2003). This data is very†¦show more content†¦But, hate crimes do still occur and some individuals do still die because they are hated by other because of their race. Even though hate crimes still do occur that are based on racist beliefs there is also a new appreciation in America for cultural pride and diversity. This cultural pride became very apparent after 9/11 when Americans became proud to be Americans. Flags and clothing depicting images of Americana were everywhere. This tragedy of 9/11 made people join together and express the ideology and power of being American. This new appreciation for being American has subsided some as time has gone on after 9/11, but most Americans still take great pride in being and expressing their Americanism. With the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s one saw a gradual acceptance of other races and cultures. This is apparent in the foods that we eat and in the friends that people have. Americans are no longer just WASPs, but people of every color who interact with each other in every way possible. This diversification of America is by no means complete. There are still many individuals who believe that certain races need to be repressed or even exterminated. But, people holding these types of racist views are decreasing. The one true way to help ever to eliminate racism, even further and to build a truly whole diversification of our society is through education. The summerShow MoreRelatedRacism Without Racists, By Jordan Peele797 Words   |  4 Pagesmany films. Like America, many films simply refuse to address this topic for various reasons. However, more recently, Jordan Peele’s 2017 box office hit Get Out explicates contemporary race relations in America. In the form of an unconventional comedy horror, Get Out is intricate in its depiction of white liberal attitudes towards African Americans. In short, Get Out suggests a form of covert racism existing in a post- Jim Crow era. Similarly, Eduardo Bonilla- Silva’s book Racism Without Racists acknowledgesRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1936 Words   |  8 PagesRacism in America Mark Twain penned his famous novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 1884 and it quickly became one of the most banned books in America (Sova). The popularity of the novel as a teaching tool as well as the call to ban this book continues today due to the novel’s theme of racism. In the novel, Mark Twain utilizes satire to show his â€Å"contempt for slavery and any racist morality that would uphold it† (Battaglia). Twain’s ability to humorously make a political point regardingRead MoreDefining Racism - Response Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesTierenee R. Roberson SOCI 4421.01 â€Å"Defining Racism† February 22, 2011 Professor Harris Response Paper: Defining Racism In this article by Beverly Daniel Tatum, she uses her various life experiences to show the issues that come along with attempting to define racism in America. There are several external issues that come not only from defining racism, but with separating racism from prejudice. In dispelling preconceived notions that these two words are interchangeable, Tatum makesRead MoreRacial Profiling Is Out Of Control979 Words   |  4 Pages Racial Profiling is racism Today in America racial profiling is out of control. People are being attacked, judge and even killed for reasons beyond just skin color. For many years people of color have been racially profiled, and now when America should be moving forward, America is going backwards. Racial profiling, which is a form of racism has gotten out of control, and the past has not improved as we have moved into the 20th century. It is time for Americans to take a closer look at racialRead MoreRacism Without Racists Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesOver the years, the face of racism has taken on many forms. In present day America, racism is a very taboo subject. It a common view that racism is not a big issue anymore, given the large strides that we, as a country have made towards equality. However, the inequalities that still exist between races point to a different situation. Instead of the blatantly discriminatory acts that our nation has witnessed in the past, modern racism practices are more co vert and seemingly nonracial, making thisRead MoreOppression Within The Social Workers976 Words   |  4 Pagesperhaps are rendered inutile. North America social workers experience this form of oppression within the social service institution. For this reason, I examine the arguments why the social workers need to be aware of the existence of this unique form of oppression. In order to eliminate oppression in the social welfare workplace, the social workers, in their pursuit of social change, must have a competent understanding of the theory around racism and oppression. Racism, as a social construct, historicallyRead MoreThe American Dream : An Unfortunate Nightmare1235 Words   |  5 PagesInstitutionalized racism: the big elephant in the room. By definition, institutionalized racism is â€Å"Any action, intentional or unintentional, that is based on race or skin color and that subordinates an individual or group based on skin color or race is racism† says professor Vernellia R. Randall( cite). Institutionalized racism exist in ever facet of our society. They’re many cases where a decision was made based on someones race. For example: discrimination in the housing market. Especially in America, racismRead MoreRacism And Racism1122 Words   |  5 Pageshas rapidly changed. Americans are more likely to consider racism a big problem today than they were 20 years ago. When polled in 2016, 49% of Americans said racism is a big problem in the country, up from a mere 28% four years ago. While only 43% of white citizens consider racism a bi g problem, 66% of blacks and 64% of Hispanics consider it to be an issue, most likely because they are the ones who are affected by the increase in racism. The percentage of those who see racial tensions increasingRead MoreRace Theory Of Race And Racism845 Words   |  4 PagesTheories of race and racism have been used by sociologists to not only describe modern societies but also address issues of social injustice and achieve an end to racial oppression. Critical race theory is one of the most widely used for this purpose and provides the structure employed by Dwanna Robertson in her analysis of racism against Native Americans and the consequences they have experienced as a result. She uses the term legitimized racism to discuss the racialization of American Indians.Read MoreRacism : Racism And Racial Discrimination1425 Words   |  6 PagesRacism consists of ideologies and practices that seek to justify, or cause, the unequal distribution of privileges, rights or goods among dif ferent racial groups. Modern variants are often based in social perceptions of biological differences between peoples. These can take the form of social actions, practices or beliefs, or political systems that consider different races to be ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualities

Edgar Allan Poe Exposed in The Fall Of The House Of Usher...

Edgar Allan Poe Exposed in â€Å"The Fall Of The House Of Usher† Edgar Allan Poe was a unique man that most people could not understand. Many recognize that he is a talented writer with a very strange and dark style. One of his most well known short stories is â€Å"The Fall Of The House Of Usher.† Many argue the different meanings of this story and how it is symbolic to his life. Poe was a very confused individual who needed to express himself, he accomplished this through the short story of â€Å"The Fall Of The House Of Usher.† Through this story, Edgar was trying to show the fear he had for him self, he did not understand him self so therefore Poe ran from his own personality and mind. This story enables the reader to take a look at Poe’s mind and†¦show more content†¦His mind has become the unknown and the part of him that he did not necessarily want to know or come to terms with because it was frightening and dark. â€Å"Upon the bleak walls-upon the vacant eyelike windows. There was an iciness, a sinking, a si ckening of the heart-an unredeemed dreariness of though which no goading of the imagination could torture into aught of the sublime (234).† Edgar found himself to be vacant and bleak, he also had a cold sick feeling when he saw what he had become. He was frightened to move on but he had to keep going in order to know the truth about himself. Usher represents the inner self of Edgar A. Poe, he is the personality for which Poe knew, and possibly became. Poe quite possibly became Usher but he did not realize it until he re visited his inner self and mind. â€Å"Its proprietor, Roderick Usher, had been one of my boon companions in boyhood; but many years had elapsed since our last meeting† (236). Roderick Usher can represent Poe’s madness, Poe knew him in the past but finally along his journey he is coming to terms with his insanity. Edgar is excepting his madness although he still is frightened by the truth. â€Å"The writer spoke of acute bodily illness-of a mental disorder which oppressed him-and of an earnest desire to see me, as his best, and indeed his only personal friend† (236). Poe realized that his insanity did exist but he needed to address it and come to terms with it. Eventually Poe goesShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Raven And Fall Of The House Of Usher 1672 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe and Alfred Hitchcock both use suspense and fear in their pieces of work. The audience can see the way Edgar Allan Poe uses suspense in his pieces, â€Å"The Raven† and in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† and how Alfred Hitchcock uses similar techniques in his piece, Rear Window. These three pieces of work show how Edgar Allan Poe and Alfred Hitchcock are able to use and set up different aspects to create suspense and fear throughout their stories. In both Hitchcock’s and Poe’s piecesRead MoreCompare And Contrast Dark Romantic And Transcendentalism1272 Words   |  6 Pagescharacters’ derangement in the story. In Edgar Allan Poe’s, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† the setting is described in great detail. Poe goes on to depict how,†a sense of insufferable gloom perva ded my spirit. I say insufferable; for the feeling was unrelieved by any of that half-pleasurable, because poetic, sentiment, with which the mind usually receives even the sternest natural images of the desolate or terrible †(Poe 592). The narrator first looks at the house and notices how incredibly gloomy andRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher By Edgar Allan Poe896 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allen Poe is well-known for his frightening and disturbing short stories. He portrays his characters in unforeseen circumstances that create an eerie atmosphere, and this then leads to unsettling actions. In his famous short story, The Fall of the House of Usher, Edgar Allan Poe utilizes dark mood, dreary allegory, and mysterious symbolism to create the thrill and suspense. The mood of the characters set the intensity of fear and gloom, while the story of the Ushers follows psychologicalRead More The Life and Work of Edgar Allan Poe Essay867 Words   |  4 Pages Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to parents who were traveling actors. His father David Poe Jr. died probably in 1810. Elizabeth Hopkins Poe died in 1811, leaving three children. Edgar was taken into the home of a merchant from Richmond named John Allan. The remaining children were cared for by others. Poes brother William died young and sister Rosalie later became insane. At the age of five Poe could recite passages of English poetry. Later one of his teachers in Richmond said:Read MoreEdgar Allan Poe Essay812 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was one of Americas famous poets, fiction short-story writers, and literary critics. He is known as the first master of short story form especially in tales of horror, and mystery. The work he produced was considered to be some of the most influential literary criticism of his time. His poems made him one of the most famous figures in American literary history. His influence on literature is seen in all literature books in schools everywhere. Some of his famousRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s `` Rough Early Life ``1108 Words   |  5 PagesFebruary 2017 Edgar Allan Poe Have you ever wondered the reasons behind why some horror stories are so sinister? Have you ever read a horror story and told yourself that it would not happen in real life? Have your ever thought that you had a rough life growing up? Poe did not live to see his name really get the big praise it does now for his horror. Most of Poe’s life was filled with death of loved one’s and sadness which made him turn to writing poems and short stories. Edgar Allan Poe’s rough earlyRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher : Poes And Dark Romanticism1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fall of the House of Usher: Poe’s and the Dark Romanticism Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) born in the United States was a poet, writer, critic, and journalist recognized as one of the greatest exponents of the Dark Romanticism (Ultan and Olson, 51). Dark Romanticism is an American literary subgenre emerged in the nineteenth century from the philosophical movement called transcendentalism. Dark Romanticism, broadly speaking, rely very little on perfection as an innate quality of the human being,Read MoreAnalysis Of The Writings Of Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne, And Edgar Allan Poe1335 Words   |  6 Pages Review of writings of Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Edgar Allan Poe. By Mantegbosh Letyibelu Irving, Poe, and Hawthorne were arguably some of the most popular writers of the 19th century (Dincer 223; Lauter 2505). All three of them are known for their short essays and their advocacy to make writing a full-fledged and legitimate profession. Their writings show that they were hugely influenced by the Romantic Movement (romanticism); ‘a movement in art, literature, music, philosophyRead MoreAnalysis Of Bipolar Disorder In The Fall Of The House Of Usher1536 Words   |  7 Pagesas during the 1800s, have suffered from psychological disorders including bipolar disorder. Edgar Allan Poe was one of many who were diagnosed with this disorder, and it is prevalent in many of his works. The Fall of the House of Usher by Poe clearly depicts the symptoms of bipolar disorder, and he translates his feelings on the topic as well. Through the use of Roderick Usher and his sister, Madeline, Poe depicts the transference of bipolar disorder within a family, and more specifically with twi nsRead MoreCommon Themes of Edgar Allan Poe3152 Words   |  13 PagesAn Analysis of the Common Themes Found in selected works of Edgar Allan Poe A Research Presented to The faculty of the English Department In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English IV By March 2010 Acknowledgement The researcher would like to thank the following people who help and give guidance to make this project To the Project adviser and the home room adviser of the researchers, who gave his outmost patience and time to check the drafts and format of each

Pros of Lowering Drinking Age Outline Free Essays

Affirmative side for Lowering Legal Drinking Age (OUTLINE) 1) Human rights. * Individuals who are legally allowed to vote and get married, sign legal contracts, smoke cigarettes, can be responsible when it comes to drinking alcohol as well. Turning 18 allows one to make their own decisions in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros of Lowering Drinking Age Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Evidence #1: â€Å"National Youth Rights Association does not feel this is an issue primarily about alcohol; rather it is an issue about equality, respect, discrimination and freedom. Americans of all ages, races, genders, and ethnicities deserve equal respect, and they deserve the right to make their own choices in life. † 2) Drink safely in regulated environments * Prohibiting this age group from drinking in bars, restaurants, and other licensed locations causes them to drink in unsupervised places such as house parties where they may be more prone to binge drinking and other unsafe behavior. * Evidence #1: â€Å"Among college students, a decade’s worth of research in the College Alcohol Study found the proportion of students engaging in frequent binge drinking had increased. Compared to 1993, more 18- 24 year students who chose to drink in 2001 were drinking excessively- as defined by frequency of drinking occasions, frequency of drunkenness, and drinking to get drunk. † * Evidence #2: â€Å"College students experienced a nearly 10 percent increase in the rate of drinking to get drunk between 1993 and 2001, which corresponded to an increase in secondary consequences and treatment for alcohol overdose. * Evidence #3: â€Å" National estimates suggest that among full-time college students, 690,000 are involved in assaults, 97,000 are involved in rapes, and 599,000 are injured as a result of alcohol† 3) Ineffective * Evidence #1 (Prohibition did not work then): â€Å"In 1920, alcoholic beverages were banned in the United States. However, the government had created a huge black market for the intoxicating substance by encouraging the drinkers to switch to spirits. It is believed widely to have been a misguided and failed social experiment that made alcohol problems worse. † Evidence #2 (Prohibition did not work now): â€Å"95% of those who will be alcohol consumers in their lifetime take their first drink before age 21† * Evidence #3(Prohibition did not work now): â€Å"50% of 18-20 year olds consume alcohol regularly† * Evidence #4(Prohibition did not work now): â€Å"75% of high school seniors, 60% of sophomores and 40% of eight graders have consumed alcohol† * Evidence #5(Prohibition did not work now): â€Å" 5,000 lives were lost each year by those under the age of 21. Of these, fewer than 40% are traffic fatalities. The vast majority- over 60%- of alcohol-related fatalities take place off roadways† How to cite Pros of Lowering Drinking Age Outline, Essay examples

Conflict within the family Essay Example For Students

Conflict within the family Essay Discuss how at least three authors during the mid to late Nineteenth Century explore conflict within the family. What are the family conflicts caused by? What are the results of the conflict?  Conflict is made up of opposing forces, it may be natural or man-made, intentional or unintentional. Complications usually arise when the writer introduces the main point in a story, these complications are usually the results of conflicts. After conflict arises, this is when the moment of crisis occurs or perhaps better known as the climax of the story. The three short stories; To Please his Wife, The Parvenue, and The Half-brothers all deal with a similar theme of conflict and jealousy between the characters. The main differences are the storyline, settings and characters which distinguish the stories. In these three stories, it seems as though money was the main root of these conflicts, as money brings power, status and wealth.  In To Please his Wife, Hardy tells the story of two good friends who both meet a sailor, Shadrach who had returned from a long journey. Joanna is more confident and starts meeting Shadrach. However, it is soon clear that Shadrach and Emily are truly in love. Joanna is just about to tell Shadrach that he can be with Emily but she overhears their conversation about how he is going to break up with her. Joanna gets really jealous, Green envy had overspread Joanna at the scene. She manipulates him into being with her although she does not love him. Emily accepts this as she is a very kind-hearted person.  Joanna and Shadrachs marriage is filled with conflict as Joanna wanted more money than Shadrach could possess. She is jealous of Emily as she is married to a rich merchant and her wealth is rising while Joannas family is poor and her business fails badly. She compares her sons to Emilys and makes Shadrach feel guilty that Emilys sons go to a private school whilst her boys cant even go to school. Finally she manages to persuade Shadrach to go to sea and make money in the way which is best for him as he certainly doesnt make a good business man. He brings home money but it is still not good enough for Joanna so she asks him to go again. Shadrach agrees but he tells her that he will need his sons to help him. Joanna hesitates for a moment but at the end, her jealousy, greed and her ambition of appearing superior in society drives her to send them away. In the end they never returned and the reader can assume that they have died. The narrator of The Parvenue, tells a story of her downfall. The opening paragraph begins with a warning to readers to never marry anyone out of their social class, It is a lesson, to prevent any other from wishing to rise to rank superior to that in which they are born? She lives with her poor family who are not very nice people in particular, except for her mum who is a really kind lady, She was an angel on earth; all her works were charity, all her thoughts were love. Unlike Joanna in To Please his Wife, the narrator in this story marries for love but she marries a rich man, Lord Reginald. They move out together but the narrator could not handle having so much money and the fact that some people had a lot and some very little. She liked to spend time doing charitable work and to give money to the poor but her husband doesnt understand why she does this and so this causes conflict between the two. .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9 , .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9 .postImageUrl , .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9 , .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9:hover , .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9:visited , .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9:active { border:0!important; } .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9:active , .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9 .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5328e5d472455478cf54697ff57859d9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Old Comedy EssaySimilarly, just like with Joanna and Shadrach, these conflicts were caused by money problems between two couples who disagree with each other.  These conflicts worsen as her family frequently goes to her for money and because they were poor they did not know how to handle the money, it was wasted. Lord Reginald eventually gets fed up and tells the narrator to choose either him or her family. She chose her family; however, they did not appreciate her and went their own ways. Her mother soon dies. At the end, she is alone and her husband marries someone from his own class.  In Victorian times, this was a usual thing to happen for a woman because during th at period, a separated wife would be left alone. Often, she is slandered, tormented and insulted. Women at the time did not have rights to divorce her husband, and however bad his behaviour is, her reputation would be ruined if she did so.

The Priest(Kafka Vs Camus) Essays - Literature, Fiction,

The Priest(Kafka vs Camus) The Outsider, written by Albert Camus, and The Trial, written by Franz Kafka, are two books that have been critically acclaimed since the time that they were published. There are critics that claim that The Outsider is a dull book, and is not even a read-worthy book. Other people claim that it shows us how society actually acts upon people who do not want to be like the rest of society. The Trial falls under the same kind of criticism; but both books, although written by different writers in a different ?poque, fall under the same kind of genre: Imprisoned Lives. In both The Outsider and The Trial there are many people who influence the protagonists in a positive and in a negative way, but none of those characters are as important as the priest. The priest, being of the same profession in both books and trying to accomplish the same kind of tasks, have a totally different effect on the two protagonists. In The Outsider the priest changes the whole attitude that Meursault has to life, whereas in The Trial the priest tells Joseph K. how his life actually is. "Why do you refuse to see me?" This question was asked by the priest and was meant for Meursault. Normally, if a person is convicted to death, he will see a priest before the sentence is executed. Meursault did not do that. He profusely refused to see the priest and why should he? He "did not believe in god." Meursault did not care, as he did not care if his mother died, or if someone proposed marriage to him. This of course went totally against the rules and ethics of society, which cannot permit such kind of behaviour. But why does Cam?s characterize Meursault like that? Why did he create such kind of an outsider to society? Cam?s created such an outsider because he wanted to show people how life actually is. Society does not accept people who do not bend the truth a little and lie. Society wants to make life as easy as can be, making up lies so that everything can run smoothly because truth can hurt sometimes, and Cam?s knows that. Cam?s implements the priest not just as another c haracter in the novel, but as a person who wants to tell Meursault how society expects him to behave. Meursault did not want to know how he has to act to make the society happy, as a matter of fact, the priest was "beginning to annoy" him. Meursault was not even following what the priest said but rather gazed out of the cell into the sky. Cam?s wants to show us actually how uninterested Meursault is in the priest. But all this is about to change because Cam?s adds an unexpected twist. The priest mentions how even the hardest of criminals stare at something at one point in their life and imagine a divine face in it. Meursault did not see the face of Jesus Christ in it, but he saw the face of Marie, the girl who proposed the marriage to him. But this was the turning life in Meursault's life. All of a sudden he starts to care about things and take some interest in things, and that explains the outrage he suddenly got against the priest. Meursault knows that he his going to die, and he cannot accept that. His whole attitude all of a sudden changed. Cam?s shows us that a person cannot go against society and that society and the majority, be it good or bad, will always win. Kafka's priest however was different. He did not tell to change Joseph K.'s life but rather told Joseph K. how his life is and how unjust society actually is. The setting that Kafka creates is pretty phenomenal. The cathedral is dark and gloomy, only lighted by some oil lamps which have a small illumination radius. "It is a rainy day", which gives it an even more sad and depressing feeling. As time passes by, the inside of the cathedral gets darker and darker, which creates a sort of evil foreshadowing of what will happen at the end of the book. Then the priest

William Penn essays

William Penn essays William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania, had many personal defeats but always found a way to be victorious. The thing that made him famous was the fact that he never let his disappointments get the better of himself. When he was down, he always found a way to get back up. Not only was William brave, but he was a true humanitarian. He believed that every person is a son of God, and should be treated like a brother. He wasn't only known for establishment Pennsylvania, he was a living example of true dignity. William Penn, father of the founder, was a lieutenant in the English Navy and played an important part in the sea trades with the Mediterranean. He learned all of his knowledge from his father, Giles Penn, who was a well-respected captain for the Royal Navy. "He served with his father, as a boy, in various mercantile voyages in the northern seas."# William married Margaret Jasper in winter of 1643 and to this conceived three children; William, Richard, and Margaret. William died on September 16, 1670. As he lay on his deathbed, William spoke to his son about having a truly Christian mind, and never be troubled at disappointments. Young William was always close to his father, and became very dedicated to achieving what his father expected of him. Born in London on October 24, 1644, William was the first of three children born into the Penn family. William was sent to a preparatory school in Chigwell at an early age. "He attended school there, it is said, until he was twelve years of age. It seems fairly certain that he acquired a good knowledge of Latin, and he may have also obtained the foundation of his knowledge of Greek there."# When his family moved to London, Penn stayed behind and received his education from a tutor. For four years, he received this education by tutors and this is when he first heard the Quaker preaching given by Thomas Loe. When William returned to London, he enrolled into Oxford C...

Analysis of Barclays Bank Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Barclays Bank Essay The process of restructuring the telecommunication sector truly got under way in Cameroon in June 1995, when the authorities decided thoroughly to reform network industry sectors such as water, electricity and telecommunications with a view to creating a favourable environment in which to develop their infrastructure and services and thus to satisfy increasingly exigent demand. The process took the form of liberalization, State withdrawal from the sectors concerned and the establishment of a  market structure enabling Cameroon to remain in step with the especially rapid global developments in the telecommunication sector; indeed, in spite of the investments made, the coverage rate and quality of service offered had remained largely inadequate. The process was carried out not only by defining the conditions and mechanisms liable to guarantee the sector’s opening to private initiative, but also by enacting regulations and taking measures intended to enable the sector to play the decisive role incumbent on it in Cameroon’s economic development. Telecommunication sector reform in Cameroon is not limited to the establishment of new regulations and legislation, to the revision of the institutional framework and the establishment of an interconnection regime or to the introduction of competition. It should also comprise bringing behaviour in line with the times. One of our chief concerns is therefore also effective application of the regulations with a view to fulfilling the universal service obligation, ensuring consumer protection and providing for effective and appropriate regulation of true competition. The acquisition of the required know-how is the biggest challenge we face. The institutional players on Cameroon’s telecommunications scene are, as in many other African countries, of the opinion that any society that delays in jumping on the NTIC train will remain mired in a state of underdevelopment. Before 1990, as in most African countries, telecommunication services were managed by a national publicly-owned monopoly. The administration in charge of telecommunications set the rules, ensured they were applied and was itself an operator. The results did not always live up to expectations. In June 1990, the President of the Republic signed the order on the programme to privatize public and semi-public enterprises. The telecommunication sector was added to the programme in June 1995. In July 1998, law 98/014 governing telecommunications in Cameroon (the Telecommunications Act) was promulgated. It established the Telecommunication Regulatory Agency and attributed sector responsibilities to a variety of players: the operation of  telecommunication networks to operators, regulatory matters, i.e. application of the rules and supervision of operators, to a regulatory body, the definition of sector policy and the enactment of market regulations to the telecommunication administration. In September of the same year, two public enterprises, CAMTEL for the fixed telephone service and CAMTEL MOBILE for the mobile telephone service, were set up to take over the telecommunication activities of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications and of the public enterprise INTELCAM, which was in charge of operating and developing international telecommunication installations. The Telecommunication Regulatory Agency was set up at the  same time. Immediately after, the sale of a mobile telephone licence and the process of privatizing CAMTEL and CAMTEL MOBILE got under way. In June 1999, a mobile telephone licence was granted to a private enterprise. The privatization of CAMTEL MOBILE was completed in February 2000. The privatization of CAMTEL is not yet complete. A third mobile telephone licence is to be issued. In less than two years, the sector has undergone sweeping change. Suffice it to mention one indicator: in January 2000 there was one mobile telephone operator with about 5 000 subscribers; on 31 March 2001 there were two operators with over 140 000 subscribers. This rapid and in-depth transformation is taking place within a constantly improving legal framework. The development of new technologies and liberalization have permitted access to new telecommunication services which, depending on their specific natures, require appropriate regulation. The Telecommunications Act sets forth a new regulatory framework, opening the telecommunication sector to competition. The framework, which distinguishes between public and private networks, provides for three legal arrangements: concessions, authorizations  and declarations. The State can grant one or several public or private corporate bodies all or part of its rights to establish and/or operate telecommunication networks. The concession is subject to strict compliance with the requirements set forth in a list of terms and conditions. This arrangement allows the State not only to keep a watchful eye on the harmonious development of modern telecommunication infrastructure, but also and above all to heighten its control over the development and supply of the basic services and facilities us ually demanded by the majority of users. The arrangement of prior authorization applies to the establishment and/or operation of telecommunication networks by physical persons or corporate bodies with a view to providing the public with a basic telecommunication service, a value-added service, a bearer service or any other service by using one or several radio frequencies. A list of terms and conditions containing the requirements to be met is attached to the licence issued to the bearer of a prior authorization. The authorization is issued for a fixed period and can be withdrawn under certain circumstances. Declarations apply to the establishment of private internal networks, low-range and low-capacity private independent networks (that are not radio networks), low-range and low-capacity radio installations (to be determined  by the Administration), and the provision to the public of telecommunication services other than those subject to the arrangements of concession and authorization. Telecommunication terminal equipment is either freely provided or subject to type-approval. Certain provisions of the Telecommunications Act are detailed in decrees and implementing legislation. We shall not examine all of them here; indeed, some of them are still being drafted. The reform in Cameroon established the separation between the regulatory and operating functions. It works in favour of operators being entities controlled by private capital. The general framework for competition is governed by legislation on competition. The legal framework is supplemented by institutions. A revised institutional framework The telecommunication administration Spectrum management and the legislation and regulations relating to telecommunications are the exclusive domain of the State. The telecommunication administration has been invested, on behalf of the government, with general jurisdiction over the sector. It sets the general regulatory framework. It therefore establishes and implements telecommunication sector policy, whose aim must be to safeguard the missions of public service, to promote harmonious network development throughout the national territory and effective private sector participation in the sector’s wealth and employment-generating activities, and to ensure compliance by all operators with the applicable treaties, laws and regulations. In addition, the administration supervises the telecommunication sector, oversees public telecommunication enterprises, represents the State at international telecommunication-related organizations and events, and manages the radio spectrum on behalf of the State. The Telecommunication Regulatory Agency, which technically answers to the telecommunication administration, is the specialized body in charge of  facilitating actual application of the regulations issued. The Telecommunication Regulatory Agency The organization of the Telecommunication Regulatory Agency established by the Telecommunications Act is set forth in decree No. 98/197 of 8 September 1998. The Agency has three main duties: – to ensure the regulations are implemented; – to guarantee respect for the regulations and the exercise of competition; – to settle certain disputes between operators. The Agency’s regulatory authority is subject to performance of the following activities: – definition of the principles governing tariffs for services; – examination of requests for authorization and declaration and of type-approval files for terminal equipment to be connected to public networks; – establishment of principles for calculating interconnection costs; – establishment and management of numbering plans; – management of the frequencies attributed to telecommunications; – submission to the government of proposals aimed at developing and modernizing the sector; – opinions on draft legislative and regulatory texts concerning telecommunications; control and penalties for infractions. The Agency is specifically competent to settle disputes concerning interconnection, access to a public network, numbering, cases of harmful interference, and sharing of infrastructure. The Telecommunications Act provides the Agency with a quasi-judicial body and an arbitration procedure can be set in motion should one or the other of the parties be opposed. The parties remain free to bring their case before the competent court. Human resources are the key to management and progress, for they have knowledge, that rarest of economic commodities in the 21st century. The current transition from a monopoly environment to that of controlled competition has given rise to new demands in terms of basic knowledge and know- how in telecommunication regulation. Telecommunication leaders and staff in Cameroon were still dealing with the transition from analogue to digital when circuit switching was suddenly replaced by packet switching. This recent change has reshaped the concept and definition of telecommunication networks and services. Everything must therefore be done to make sure the human resources acquire the skills they need for their own development and that of companies, which create wealth for the well-being of peoples. The Ecole Nationale Supà ©rieure des Postes et Tà ©là ©communications, an independent facility run by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, provides basic instruction in telecommunications and ICT to technicians (technical and operating staff), supervising technicians (operating technicians and supervisors) and senior technical managers (works engineers and operating inspectors). It plans to organize standing professional certification for the staff of public and private enterprises and of the public administrations in charge of telecommunications and ICT. Cameroon has always been present and active in regional and international telecommunication organizations. It is a member of the Administrative Councils of both the African Telecommunication Union (ATU) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It has had very few bilateral exchanges of experience and information with other African countries. The ineffectiveness of regional (ATU) and subregional organizations (CAPTAC) has precluded the launch at subregional level of cooperation activities aimed at developing telecommunications in Cameroon. At the international level, ITU  has not been closely involved in telecommunication sector reform. In the past eight years, it has provided some technical assistance but otherwise almost no support for telecommunication development projects in Cameroon, possibly because the Area Office in Yaoundà © is not functioning. The capacities of the Area Office in Yaoundà © should be reinforced. Its main duties should be: – To disseminate ITU documents and information in the area. For this, it should have the means required to provide the documentation centres of the main players in each of the area’s countries with the documents and books needed to acquire knowledge in telecommunications and ICT, for most of the sector’s African managers will have to teach themselves. In this respect, hard as opposed to electronic copies remain invaluable in Africa. Analysis of Barclays Bank. (2016, Jun 07).